[Resource Topic] 2024/265: Beyond the circuit: How to Minimize Foreign Arithmetic in ZKP Circuits

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Title:
Beyond the circuit: How to Minimize Foreign Arithmetic in ZKP Circuits

Authors: Michele Orrù, George Kadianakis, Mary Maller, Greg Zaverucha

Abstract:

Zero-knowledge circuits are frequently required to prove gadgets that are not optimised for the constraint system in question. A particularly daunting task is to embed foreign arithmetic such as Boolean operations, field arithmetic, or public-key cryptography.

We construct techniques for offloading foreign arithmetic from a zero-knowledge circuit including:
(i) equality of discrete logarithms across different groups;
(ii) scalar multiplication without requiring elliptic curve operations;
(iii) proving knowledge of an AES encryption.

To achieve our goal, we employ techniques inherited from rejection sampling and lookup protocols. We implement and provide concrete benchmarks for our protocols.

ePrint: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/265

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